See full-size infographicįirst, time zones don’t just follow the longitudinal lines: they were adapted to follow regional and national borders for convenience. This color-coded map shows them well, but we’ll get back to it in a second. There are in fact 38 time zones in the world, over 50% more than it could be if things were kept simple. Each time zone would measure 15 degrees (360 degrees divided by 24 hours) and would represent a 1-hour difference in solar time.īut it’s not that simple. So, in theory, that would make a nice even 24 time zones if each time zone were just 1 hour apart and were set according to distances only. That rotation process takes 24 hours, so that’s the length of a day. It rotates on its axis, so that gives us night and day periods. This present case study may be explored and applied for other metrological fields also.The Earth is a sphere, so that’s 360 degrees in longitude. The studies are very useful for broader understanding of the economic benefits of PVM and to improve understanding of the decision and policy makers about the relevance, continuation and further investment in PVM activity. This indicates that the PVM activity is quite efficient, and future investment in the activity is safe and would provide excellent returns. An overall social rate of return, an indicator of system efficiency, is found to be 180% which is quite high as compared to the present rate of return (8%). The studies are based on some industrial survey, personal interviews and interactions with stakeholders and sampling of services provided over the years.
The aim of the present paper is to present the summary of the results thus obtained which is based on the investment made over the years and the estimated benefits to the users. Systematic studies of the contribution of PVM, established at CSIR-NPL, on national industrial growth and economy, are carried out by assessment of impact. This motivated us to carry out the impact assessment, and present paper is an attempt made in this direction.
Such impact studies are carried out by several National Metrology Institutes, but in India it is still an unexplored area so far. Since last 35 years, no significant efforts were made to assess socio-economic impact of the services provided. The PVM group is successfully providing national calibration and measurement services and fulfilling its national duty as per the mandate of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL). The Pressure and Vacuum Metrology (PVM) activity has a major role in national and international metrological research and development. Measurement standards and metrological activities provide scientific and metrological infrastructure in the country. This research would be helpful for practitioners, academicians, policy-makers, capitalists to understand the need for developing a framework for national time dissemination in cyber-secure environment. The developed cyber security framework achieves traceability and synchronization in cyber security environment. Security problems are rectified with developed cyber physical security framework. The aim of intention of this research is to design and develop cyber physical security framework for national time dissemination.
World map time zones software#
Proposed Software to be used in this particular research for implementing the framework is archimate open source. Data are collected from National Physical Laboratory and National measurement institute of India. This research adopted qualitative approach and experimental design for carrying out investigation. There is necessity for single time scale for whole nation. This research explains the security problems faced with UTC (k) system and describes how enhancement rectifies such problem. In India, UTC system is followed and cyber security issues are a concern. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is based on the biggest possible number of atomic clocks of various categories, to be found in various regions of the world and connected through a network which allows precise time comparisons amid remote sites.
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